Large language model-facilitated interventions for enhancing psychological resilience in cyberbullying victims: Targeting self-esteem and self-compassion

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2026.1751

Abstract

Abstract:

Enhancing the psychological resilience of individuals who have experienced cyberbullying not only contributes to improved mental health but also effectively mitigates the negative impact of victimization. Interventions targeting self-esteem and self-compassion may represent a feasible pathway for strengthening resilience. Online interventions offer the advantages of scalability and timeliness, while the integration of large language models (LLM) can further reduce costs and enhance intervention efficacy. In Study 1, 59 participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: a self-esteem and self-compassion dialogue intervention group (Experimental Group 1), a psychoeducational dialogue intervention group (Experimental Group 2), and a psychoeducational reading control group. Results indicated that both LLM-facilitated dialogue interventions (Groups 1 and 2) significantly improved psychological resilience. Study 2 replicated the design with a new sample of 105 participants and employed network intervention analysis to explore the distinct mechanisms underlying the two LLM-facilitated interventions. Results revealed that the self-esteem and self-compassion dialogue intervention not only directly improved psychological resilience but also targeted feelings of isolation, mindfulness, and self-esteem in social dimensions. Through the multi-dimensional interaction of self-esteem and self-compassion, it promoted further improvement of the intervention effect. These studies provide preliminary evidence for the application of LLM in resilience-focused interventions for cyberbullying victims. The findings demonstrate that targeting self-esteem and specific components of self-compassion can effectively enhance psychological resilience and mental well-being. Moreover, the research identifies novel intervention targets, offering both theoretical insights and practical implications for future studies.

Key words: large language models, cyberbullying, psychological resilience, self-esteem, self-compassion

KISHIMOTO Tomoko, HAO Ximing, ASKAR Ankar, XIA Yufei, BAI Qiyu. (2026). Large language model-facilitated interventions for enhancing psychological resilience in cyberbullying victims: Targeting self-esteem and self-compassion. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 58(9), 1751-1765.

Figures/Tables 12

References 68

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Variables	Self-esteem/Self-compassion Group	Psychoeducational Group	Reading Group	Statistic	p
Gender (n, %)				χ²
Male	7 (35)	5 (26.32)	5 (25)	0.573	0.751
Female	13 (65)	14 (73.68)	15 (75)	0.573	0.751
Education (n, %)				χ²
Junior college and below	2 (10)	1 (5.26)	1 (5)	2.564	0.633
Bachelor	18 (90)	16 (84.21)	17 (85)
Master	0 (0)	2 (10.53)	2 (10)
Baseline (M, SD)				F
Age	22.85 (2.62)	23.42 (3.63)	22.90 (3.39)	0.185	0.832
Cyberbullying victimization	30.50 (10.71)	29.32 (9.07)	32.15 (8.84)	0.431	0.652
State resilience	3.26 (0.28)	3.01 (0.46)	3.38 (0.38)	4.723	0.013
Trait resilience	3.09 (0.44)	3.04 (0.53)	3.35 (0.56)	2.110	0.131
Anxiety	5.90 (5.56)	5.58 (5.32)	4.90 (5.05)	0.184	0.832
Depression	5.35 (5.67)	5.21 (4.96)	3.50 (5.06)	0.766	0.469
Stress	7.80 (5.36)	6.58 (5.19)	5.75 (5.92)	0.702	0.500
Well-being	40.52 (9.01)	35.64 (12.52)	42.97 (11.73)	2.112	0.131

Variables	Self-esteem/Self-compassion Group	Psychoeducational Group	Reading Group	Statistic	p
Gender (n, %)				χ²
Male	7 (35)	5 (26.32)	5 (25)	0.573	0.751
Female	13 (65)	14 (73.68)	15 (75)	0.573	0.751
Education (n, %)				χ²
Junior college and below	2 (10)	1 (5.26)	1 (5)	2.564	0.633
Bachelor	18 (90)	16 (84.21)	17 (85)
Master	0 (0)	2 (10.53)	2 (10)
Baseline (M, SD)				F
Age	22.85 (2.62)	23.42 (3.63)	22.90 (3.39)	0.185	0.832
Cyberbullying victimization	30.50 (10.71)	29.32 (9.07)	32.15 (8.84)	0.431	0.652
State resilience	3.26 (0.28)	3.01 (0.46)	3.38 (0.38)	4.723	0.013
Trait resilience	3.09 (0.44)	3.04 (0.53)	3.35 (0.56)	2.110	0.131
Anxiety	5.90 (5.56)	5.58 (5.32)	4.90 (5.05)	0.184	0.832
Depression	5.35 (5.67)	5.21 (4.96)	3.50 (5.06)	0.766	0.469
Stress	7.80 (5.36)	6.58 (5.19)	5.75 (5.92)	0.702	0.500
Well-being	40.52 (9.01)	35.64 (12.52)	42.97 (11.73)	2.112	0.131

Variables	Self-esteem/Self-compassion Group	Psychoeducational Group	Statistics	p
Gender (n, %)			χ²
Male	24 (44.44)	28 (54.90)	1.147	0.284
Female	30 (55.56)	23 (45.10)	1.147	0.284
Education (n, %)			χ²
Junior college and below	9 (16.67)	2 (3.92)	4.550	0.103
Bachelor	43 (79.63)	47 (92.16)
Master	2 (3.70)	2 (3.92)
Baseline (M, SD)			t
Age	21.76 (1.97)	22.51 (3.40)	?1.394	0.166
Cyberbullying victimization	33.83 (10.13)	31.20 (8.58)	1.436	0.154
State resilience	2.71 (0.91)	2.89 (0.74)	?1.129	0.262
Trait resilience	2.76 (0.92)	2.81 (0.75)	?0.274	0.785
Anxiety	7.00 (5.62)	5.84 (4.90)	1.121	0.265
Depression	7.13 (5.99)	6.00 (5.48)	1.007	0.316
Stress	8.96 (6.65)	7.82 (5.92)	0.925	0.357
Well-being	35.15 (2.82)	36.24 (4.95)	?1.375	0.173
State self-esteem	4.08 (1.53)	4.62 (1.31)	?1.925	0.057
Self-compassion	3.30 (0.59)	3.36 (0.42)	?0.540	0.590

Variables	Self-esteem/Self-compassion Group	Psychoeducational Group	Statistics	p
Gender (n, %)			χ²
Male	24 (44.44)	28 (54.90)	1.147	0.284
Female	30 (55.56)	23 (45.10)	1.147	0.284
Education (n, %)			χ²
Junior college and below	9 (16.67)	2 (3.92)	4.550	0.103
Bachelor	43 (79.63)	47 (92.16)
Master	2 (3.70)	2 (3.92)
Baseline (M, SD)			t
Age	21.76 (1.97)	22.51 (3.40)	?1.394	0.166
Cyberbullying victimization	33.83 (10.13)	31.20 (8.58)	1.436	0.154
State resilience	2.71 (0.91)	2.89 (0.74)	?1.129	0.262
Trait resilience	2.76 (0.92)	2.81 (0.75)	?0.274	0.785
Anxiety	7.00 (5.62)	5.84 (4.90)	1.121	0.265
Depression	7.13 (5.99)	6.00 (5.48)	1.007	0.316
Stress	8.96 (6.65)	7.82 (5.92)	0.925	0.357
Well-being	35.15 (2.82)	36.24 (4.95)	?1.375	0.173
State self-esteem	4.08 (1.53)	4.62 (1.31)	?1.925	0.057
Self-compassion	3.30 (0.59)	3.36 (0.42)	?0.540	0.590

Variables	Self-esteem/Self-compassion Group	Psychoeducational Group	Statistics	p
Gender (n, %)			χ²
Male	7 (31.82)	5 (26.32)	0.149	0.699
Female	15 (68.18)	14 (73.68)	0.149	0.699
Education (n, %)			χ²
Junior college and below	2 (9.09)	1 (5.26)	5.253	0.154
Bachelor	20 (90.91)	16 (84.21)
Master	0 (0)	2 (10.53)
Baseline (M, SD)			t
Age	23.00 (2.55)	22.79 (3.44)	0.225	0.823
Cyberbullying victimization	31.18 (10.46)	29.32 (9.07)	0.605	0.549
State resilience	2.97 (0.54)	3.01 (0.46)	?0.246	0.807
Trait resilience	2.94 (0.65)	3.04 (0.53)	?0.548	0.587
Anxiety	5.50 (5.45)	5.58 (5.32)	?0.047	0.963
Depression	5.09 (5.46)	5.21 (4.96)	?0.073	0.942
Stress	7.27 (5.37)	6.58 (5.19)	0.419	0.678
Well-being	40.07 (11.95)	35.64 (12.52)	1.159	0.253